Obstacles to Regional Development in the Prosperity of Indigenous Papuans
Obstacles to Regional Development in the
Prosperity of Indigenous Papuans
By Cak Bro (Member of Birokrat Menulis.org)
A.
A. Introduction
A few months ago I attended a webinar held by
the Directorate General of State Property, Ministry of Finance with the theme
of BMN Certification in Ministries/Agencies with sources from UGM Legal Experts
on land. In the question and answer session, there were many complaints from
the heads of the KPKNL Office who discussed the customary or customary land
rights who complained about their territory even though the land had been
certified by the ATR/BPN. The legal expert admitted that the government
currently does not have complete data on customary land rights because it has
not been reported to the local BPN office.
Sometimes land disputes often occur because
of the overlapping of land that has been officially certified by the National
Land Agency with the customary land of the local community. The legal expert
regretted the court's decision that won the dispute case because the certified
land was considered legal. Judges should be careful to examine more deeply the
recognition of indigenous peoples' ownership rights even though they have not
been reported because there are laws that protect the interests of indigenous
peoples.
What's even more sad is that some indigenous
peoples who report ownership to the BPN office are actually considered
individual ownership or certain groups to be certified. As a result, clashes
often occur between customary groups when some want to sell for economic
reasons, and some refuse because customary land is considered ancestral land or
sacred land that must be preserved. This phenomenon should be our reflection,
due to economic progress and development which instead of prospering the local
community, it has a negative impact on the indigenous population due to a shift
in cultural values (due
to economic needs), even erosion or dilution of the preservation of community
culture and local customary law. .
Likewise, when there is development in an
area, it is as if the government is "taking down" the interests of
the indigenous people. Conflicts or social frictions that occur, where
indigenous peoples try to defend their customary lands as their ancestral
heritage, are always considered as obstacles to development because the
handling is carried out in pseudo rationality without understanding the real
basis of the problem.
This should be our reflection again, what are
the main objectives of development and modernization carried out in the
regions? Is the development carried out for the sake of the central
government's interest alone or only for the immigrant population, because
because the results of development are not enjoyed by the community or
indigenous people who should be the main goal or stakeholder.
The author in this case, tries to find
literature related to development in Papua on the grounds that Papua is the
only province that has laws that protect the interests of indigenous Papuans,
even the provinces of Papua and West Papua have special autonomy rights and are
supported by development funds. In very ideal conditions, the author has an
assumption (hypothesis) that the development carried out there will certainly
prosper the indigenous Papuan people. But in reality, after decades of development,
the expected conditions have not yet yielded the expected results. Is there a
conceptual error in the pattern of development strategies and their
implementation?.
B.
B. Development in Papua
Since the Determination of People's Opinion
(Pepera) in Papua in 1969 in Papua until now, the government has paid special
attention to the Papua Province in order to align it with other provinces by
boosting various developments in Papua. However, there is a misunderstanding in
implementing the policy, because the development carried out seems to make a
kind of modernization window there but does not reflect development to fulfill
the basic needs of the Papuan people. As a result, the Papuan people (as
indigenous people in Tanah Papua) have so far not felt or enjoyed the development
carried out on their land.
Various policies have been set by the
government by granting privileges compared to other regions, for example in
2001 Papua and West Papua obtained the status of special autonomous regions
based on Law No. 21 of 2001 for the Papua region and Law No. 35 of 2001 for the
West Papua region. 2007 on the Acceleration of Development in Papua and West
Papua. The existence of special autonomy rights is a policy improvement because
previous developments have not had a real impact on the Papuan people, where
local governments are given the broadest authority to formulate, formulate, and
design development strategies needed by local communities.
Whereas with special autonomy status, Papua
has received a Special Allocation of Funds focused on Health and Education of
2% of the total national General Allocation Fund (DAU). You can imagine that in
the last dozen years, tens of trillions of funds have been disbursed by the
government for development in Papua. The real impact of development to narrow
the distance/gap with other provinces has not been clearly seen because based
on the ranking of development progress indicators, Papua is still in the lowest
rank compared to other provinces, including indicators of illiteracy, school
dropouts, prevalence of infectious diseases, and others.
C.
C. Causes of Development
Failure in Papua
The conditions that occur should be our
reflection together why this can happen?. Hasn't the Papuan government
formulated a development program strategy according to the needs of the people
there? Not to mention Papua's abundant natural wealth, isn't it also the basic
capital for local revenue (PAD) as an additional support for development funds.
These questions should be our study, there may be errors related to the paradigm
of development patterns that have occurred so far. The author's curiosity was
slightly answered after searching on google and getting a book entitled
"Basic Values of
Papuans in Managing Governance (Governance): Anthropological Reflexive
Studies" made by the policy research institute in Yogyakarta, namely the
Partnership for Governance Reform Center for Learning and Advancing
Experimental Democracy Indonesia Forestry and Governance Institute, 2012.
The book states that there is a
misunderstanding in the pattern of development in Papua. When development
occurred before special autonomy, the pattern of development was more focused
or the paradigm of "development in Papua", so after the determination
of special autonomy only shifted to the paradigm of "development for
Papua". Why does this happen? One of the reasons is that the development
strategy and design do not pay attention to the locality aspect or the local
wisdom policy of the Papuan people.
The meaning of "development for
Papua" is that in the application of policies, the pattern of development
is only to imitate or copy and paste the regional development patterns of other
provinces, especially the success of the western regions of Indonesia. Indeed,
there is nothing wrong with referring to the pattern of development so that it
can be as successful as other regions, but it should be adjusted to the
regional conditions and culture of the people there.
Thus, in the design or formulation of
development programs, both in terms of planning and implementation policy
plans, they still use the regional or provincial approaches or assumptions and
indicators that are referred to and become less realistic. Or in other words,
the development pattern that is applied is based on rationality to catch up and
not based on locality to meet the needs of the Papuan people. As a result, the
development is carried out only as a showcase for the Papuan people or in the
interests of the central government because the impact does not increase the
value of the community's ability to improve their own welfare.
D. D. Errors
in the Regional Development Pattern Paradigm
According to the book, it also describes the
failure of development patterns that should be able to improve people's
welfare. caused by 3 factors, namely a) first, the pattern of development is
assumed to be based on rationality and administrative behavior; b) second,
there are differences in the values that exist there and are considered to be
contrary to these assumptions, because they are irrational and inhuman, so they
must be eradicated; and, c) third, development tends to ignore the customs and
culture of the community which are considered obstacles and are not considered
development potentials.
1.
Development Assumptions
Based on Modern Rationality Universally
Mistakes that occur in development in Papua are due to the formulation of policies based on the assumption of modern rationality and administrative behavior as universal principles. In this case, the implementation of development is carried out with a uniform pattern (universal) and is considered the Papuan community to be homogeneous and not creative. Policy makers should see the heterogeneity of the Papuan people with their problems as the basis for assumptions, so that the development implemented is a solution to overcome the problems that occur there.
This happens because of the views of policy makers who
think that rationality must be single (uniform) and it seems that it is enough
to clone development from other regions that are successful to be implemented
in the targeted area. However, the problem is not that easy. What is considered
good for one group is not necessarily good for another group, and vice versa.
The good and the bad of a problem is a perspective that is influenced by the
values that live and the
culture that develops in society. Thus the values that
develop in Papua are not necessarily the same as the values and
culture that develop in Javanese society.
In addition, the assumption that rationality is universal
arises because of the assumption that humans are not dynamic-creative
creatures, but passive creatures. Whereas in reality, people who live in
traditional societies are also creative and dynamic creatures. He will always
be in a dialectical process with his environment. According to Peter L. Berger
and Thomas Luckman, this problem requires a kind of internalization,
objectivation, and externalization process. In this dialectical process, the
educational factor is one of the factors that has a very significant role.
The difference between educated and uneducated people is
not only a matter of graduation certificates but rather the development of a
thinking paradigm that becomes the mindset of the community to see the various
problems that occur. Because each individual is in a dialectical position with
his environment, the rationality that appears tends to change along with the
dialectical process and this is locality.
2.
Cultural Values and Local
Wisdom as Obstacles to Development
One of the fundamental concerns of Papua's development that is not based on local values is the uprooting of the Papuan people from their local roots. If this kind of awareness is not instilled in the perspective of policy makers, both Papuans and non-Papuans involved in Papua's development, it is not impossible that the development strategy formulated will lose its spirit. Idealism to build Papua to be more prosperous and more dignified will only become a jargon or as a mere display case, because apart from the failure of the construction itself, the value of Papua is also lost.
Papua must be a land of hope for all Papuan people where
they can live a decent, prosperous and happy life like their brothers and
sisters in other areas. It is not a dream if the development of Papua is based
on the needs of the community, involves community participation, and is based
on the values of the Papuan people.
E.
E. Closing and Discussion
Development is not merely the ability to
narrate and translate community needs in the form of programs, but how the
community can be involved (participate) in the development process. Involvement
in the development process is not only in the form of community involvement (as
workers) to build, but also community involvement to take advantage of it.
Because only community involvement starts from the development process to the
utilization of development results, development will provide significant
benefits for increasing the standard of living and dignity of the community.
To encourage active participation of
community involvement in the development process, what is needed is development
that is based on and involves the local potential of the community. The main
error that often occurs in the development paradigm is that modern rationality
has universal values so
that it can be applied in societies with different conditions. Therefore, the
failure was not due to the immaturity of the program strategy being
implemented, but rather to two things, namely the failure to read the priority
needs of the community and the failure to understand the values of
the community in formulating development strategies. As a result, the
development carried out tends not to reflect the needs of the community on the
one hand, and creates the impact of conflict in the community over resistance
on the other.
One solution to overcome this problem, policy
makers and designers of development patterns should consider and/or provide
space for social and cultural systems that live and develop in society. In
other words, the development bureaucratic system in Papua must be translated
and consider the socio-cultural system that lives and develops in society.
Reference:
1. 1. Nilai-nilai Dasar Orang Papua
Dalam mengelola Tata Pemerintahan (Governance): Studi Refleksif Antropologis, Partnership
for Governance Reform Centre for Learning and Advancing Experimental Democracy
Indonesia Forestry and Governance Institute, Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata
Pemerintahan, Jakarta, 2012.
Komentar
Posting Komentar